Key Points ・A Roth conversion ladder lets early retirees access traditional retirement funds before age 59½ without the 10% early withdrawal penalty, but each conversion requires a separate 5-year ...

A Roth conversion involves transferring funds from a pre-tax retirement account, like a traditional IRA or 401(k), into a Roth IRA. You pay taxes on the converted amount in the year of the conversion ...

In a recent column, you made this suggestion: “After taking your required minimum distributions (RMDs), convert some of the remaining traditional IRA balance into Roth IRAs.” It’s my understanding ...